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This communication is governed by well-understood protocols, which can be embedded in the process code itself. Operating systems usually contain a set of cooperating processes that manipulate shared data to communicate with each other. Protocols are to communication what algorithms or programming languages are to computations. In digital computing systems, the rules can be expressed by algorithms and data structures. The nature of communication, the actual data exchanged and any state-dependent behaviors, is defined by these specifications. The information exchanged between devices through a network or other media is governed by rules and conventions that can be set out in communication protocol specifications. For a period in the late 1980s and early 1990s, engineers, organizations and nations became polarized over the issue of which standard, the OSI model or the Internet protocol suite, would result in the best and most robust computer networks. International work on a reference model for communication standards led to the OSI model, published in 1984. The development of a complete protocol suite by 1989, as outlined in RFC 1122 and RFC 1123, laid the foundation for the growth of TCP/IP as a comprehensive protocol suite as the core component of the emerging Internet. Originally referred to as IP/TCP, it was installed on SATNET in 1982 and on the ARPANET in January 1983.
Serial communication protocol example software#
TCP software was redesigned as a modular protocol stack. Computer manufacturers developed proprietary protocols such as IBM's Systems Network Architecture (SNA), Digital Equipment Corporation's DECnet and Xerox Network Systems. International research, particularly the work of Rémi Després, contributed to the development of the X.25 standard, based on virtual circuits by the ITU-T in 1976. The International Networking Working Group agreed a connectionless datagram standard which was presented to the CCIT in 1975 but was not adopted by the ITU or by the ARPANET. Its RFC 675 specification was written by Cerf with Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine in December 1974, still a monolithic design at this time. Kahn and Vint Cerf led to the formulation of the Transmission Control Program (TCP). Networking research in the early 1970s by Robert E. The NCP interface allowed application software to connect across the ARPANET by implementing higher-level communication protocols, an early example of the protocol layering concept. The Network Control Program for the ARPANET was first implemented in 1970. On the ARPANET, the starting point for host-to-host communication in 1969 was the 1822 protocol, which defined the transmission of messages to an IMP. One of the first uses of the term protocol in a data-commutation context occurs in a memorandum entitled A Protocol for Use in the NPL Data Communications Network written by Roger Scantlebury and Keith Bartlett in April 1967. As the PSTN and Internet converge, the standards are also being driven towards convergence.Ĭommunicating systems History The ITU-T handles telecommunication protocols and formats for the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) handles wired and wireless networking and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) handles other types.
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Internet communication protocols are published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). A group of protocols designed to work together is known as a protocol suite when implemented in software they are a protocol stack.
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Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a single communication. An alternate formulation states that protocols are to communication what algorithms are to computation. A programming language describes the same for computations, so there is a close analogy between protocols and programming languages: protocols are to communication what programming languages are to computations. To reach an agreement, a protocol may be developed into a technical standard. Communication protocols have to be agreed upon by the parties involved. The specified behavior is typically independent of how it is to be implemented. Each message has an exact meaning intended to elicit a response from a range of possible responses pre-determined for that particular situation. Ĭommunicating systems use well-defined formats for exchanging various messages.
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Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of both. The protocol defines the rules, syntax, semantics and synchronization of communication and possible error recovery methods. System for exchanging messages between computing systemsĪ communication protocol is a system of rules that allows two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information via any kind of variation of a physical quantity.